472 

C33G3 


GIFT   ©F 


NATIONAL  CITIZEN  TRACT  No.  1. 


WHO    PLANNED 


CAMPAIGN  OP 


OR 
ANNA  ELLA  CARROLL  VS.  ULYSSES  S.  GRANT : 

A  FEW  GENERALLY  UNKNOWN  FACTS  IN  REGARD  TO  OUR 

CIVIL  WAR, 

BY  MATILDA  JOSLYN\QAGE. 


r.V 


c-f 


PREFACE. 

The  author  of  this  pamphlet  has  for  many  years  been  cognizant 
of  the  facts  embodied  in  it,  and  also  has  personal  acquaintance 
with  Miss  Carroll.  Her  attention  was  first  called  to  Miss  Carroll's 
vast  work  in  1873,  at  time  of  the  annual  Washington  Convention 
of  the  National  Womans'  Suffrage  Association.  At  that  time 
Miss  Carroll  sent  copies  of  her  memorial  to  the  officers  of  the 
association,  together  with  the  following  letter  : 

"Mv  DEAR  MRS.  GAGE, 

I  yesterday  sent  to  your  hotel  a  copy  of  a  pamphlet 
which  has  just  been  published  in  regard  to  my  services  to  the 
country  in  the  war  of  the  rebellion. 

"This,  as  you  will  perceive,  is  not  designed  so  much  for  the 
general  reader  as  for  Congress.  And  yet  I  think  its  entire  peru 
sal  may  interest  you  inasmuch  as  it  may  serve  in  some  degree 
to  furnish  evidence  in  behalf  of  the  cause  you  so  ably  represent. 

"  At  this  time,  however,  I  would  respectfully  ask  your  attention 
to  the  letters  of  Hon.  B.  F.  Wade,  page  48  and  49  as  giving  a 
just  conception  of  the  merits  of  the  case. 

"1  regret  that  a  difficulty  in  hearing  at  the  present  time  deprives 
me  of  the  pleasure  I  should  otherwise  enjoy  in  listening  to  your 
address  while  in  this  city. 

With  very  high  consideration, 

A.  E.  CARROLL. 
Washington,  706  i3th  St.,  Jan  i7th  '73," 

This  tract  has  been  prepared  by  request  of  Mrs.  Louisa  South- 
worth  of  Ohio,  who  desires  to  scatter  a  knowledge  of  Miss  Carroll's 
work  widely  over  her  State,  and  also  to  send  the  pamphlet  to  her 
friends  abroad. 

The  part  headed  "Anna  Ella  Carroll  vs.  Ulysses  S.  Grant,"  was 
my  editorial  in  NATIONAL  CITIZEN  last  November  at  time  of 
Grant's  return  to  this  country,  and  is  here  reproduced  as  giving 
a  general  statement  of  the  subject.  The  remainder  of  the  tract 
elucidates  this  editorial  and  enables  any  one  so  desiring  to 
examine  the  facts  for  themselves.  A  vast  amount  of  proof  exists, 
that  I  have  not  been  able  to  use  in  the  compass  of  this  pamphlet. 
A  short  sketch  of  Miss  Carroll  is  given,  also  a  recent  letter  from 
Mr.  Scott. 


^f 


GIF? 


NATIONAL  CITIZEN  TRACT  NO.  1, 

BY 
MATILDA  JOSLYN  GAGE. 


WHO  FLAMED 

The  Tennessee  Campaign  of  1862  ? 


A  FEW  GENERALLY  UNKNOWN  FACTS  IN  REGARD  TO  OUR  CIVIL  WAR. 


ANNA  ELLA  CARROLL  vs.  ULYSSES  S.  GRANT. 

After  a  most  wonderful  tour  around  the  world  in  which  he  has 
been  recognized  as  the  most  prominent  man  living,  General 
Grant  has  returned  to  the  United  States,  here  to  be  again  feted 
and  honored.  Senator  Sharon,  that  man  who  for  several  years 
holding  the  responsible  office  of  a  Senator  of  the  United  Sates 
has  never  been  seen  in  his  seat  until  last  winter,  when  to  please 
a  young  daughter  who  wished  an  introduction  to  the  gaieties  of 
Washington,  he  for  a  short  time  took  his  place,  has  recently 
given  a  banquet  in  Grant's  honor,  which  rivalled  foreign  ones. 
Two  thousand  five  hundred  people  were  transported  twenty-six 
miles,  by  three  trains  of  cars  to  Senator  Sharon's  country  seat, 
said  to  be  the  largest  and  most  palatial  in  the  United  States,  and 
were  entertained  with  music  and  flowers  and  the  substantiate  of 
a  feast,  and  taking  Grant  by  the  hand,  proud  to  say  he  was  their 
countryman. 

Why  was  this  ?  Twenty  years  ago  Grant  was  an  unknown 
tanner  in  Galena.  Twenty  years  ago  not  a  thousand  people  had 
heard  his  name.  It  is  far  less  time,  indeed,  than  that,  when 
being  offered  the  command  of  a  regiment  he  doubted  his  ability 
to  control  ten  companies,  and  to-day  he  is  at  the  summit  of 
human  fame,  having  gained  his  first  reputation  at  Forts  Henry 
and  Donelson  and  Pillow  and  other  points  of  the  Tennessee  cam 
paign,  of  which  Vicksburg  was  the  finality.  The  war  had  been 


M1562B7 


••"•"'::    :  •'«  '**:  2 

'»•*!»*«.  •""*•*«*  * 

conducted  by  Greeley's  "On  to   Richmond"  cry,  had  met   its 

Bull  Run,  and  had  fruitlessly  beaten  itself  against  the  wooden 
guns  of  Manassas,  under  the  foolish  leadership  of  McClellan, 
while  the  north  grew  pale  and  fearful  over  this  utter  lack  of 
military  strategy.  "Whence  is  our  deliverance  to  come  ?"  was 
the  cry  of  many  a  heart,  the  utterance  of  many  a  half-palsied 
tongue. 

But  help  was  near  when  least  expected,  and  from  a  quarter 
that  none  could  have  guessed.  Anna  Ella  Carroll,  a  young  girl  of 
Maryland,  full  of  a  patriotic  spirit  which,  first  used  upon  its  Gov 
ernor,  kept  Maryland  within  the  Union,  afterwards  went  to  St. 
Louis  to  view  the  situation  from  that  quarter.  Here  her  bright 
wit  taught  her  that  from  Charleston  to  Memphis  lay  the  line  of 
Southern  strength,  and  that  not  Richmond,  but  the  Tennessee 
River  and  all  it  commanded  was  the  point  to  strike  the  fatal  blow. 
She  returned  to  Washington,  drew  up  a  plan  of  campaign  from 
this  basis,  gave  her  reasons  therefor,  and  accompanying  it  by  a 
map  fully  illustrating  her  plan,  sent  it  to  the  War  Department  at 
Washington,  in  November,  1861.  The  military  men  who  exam 
ined  it,  saw  at  once  that  a  military  genius  had  arisen  who  would 
prove  the  salvation  of  the  country.  Miss  Carroll's  plan  was 
adopted  by  the  Secretary  of  War  and  his  assistants.  Grant  was 
sent  west  to  carry  out  her  ideas,  which  were  a  triumphant  success, 
bringing  tears  of  joy  to  the  eyes  of  her  countrymen,  and  sending 
Grant's  name  to  thousands  of  lips,  while  the  cause  of  it  all  was 
silent  and  unknown.  Unknown,  I  have  called  her ;  she  was 
known  to  the  few, — men  the  highest  and  most  honored  in  the 
United  States  knew  of  her,  and  as  all  through  the  war  she  still 
sent  in  her  campaign  plans,  the  War  Department  still  acted  upon 
them,  glad  to  work  out  the  salvation  of  the  country  through  this 
woman's  brains.  But  look  at  the  justice  of  man  toward  woman. 
When  the  war  was  over  she  asked  for  a  pension.  She  had  spent 
time  and  money  as  well  as  brains  in  her  country's  service.  Grant 
was  at  this  hour  general  of  the  army,  and  soon  to  be  elected  to 
the  presidency.  A  long  line  of  men,  officers  and  privates,  claimed 
their  country's  gratitude — thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  re 
ceived  pensions  for  what  they  had  done,  and  she,  whose  work 
had  been  an  hundred-fold  above  all  others,  she,  too,  asked  a 
pension.  Her  claim  was  supported  by  a  long  line  of  eminent 


3 

men,  some  of  whom  are  dead,  some  of  whom  are  living.  Old 
Ben  Wade,  of  stalwart  abolition  fame,  Edwin  M.  Stanton  and 
his  assistant  Secretary,  Tom  Scott,  sustained  her ;  Abraham  Lin 
coln,  the  martyred  President,  and  Chief  Justice  Evans,  of  Texas, 
Hannibal  Hamlin  and  dozens  more  of  great  and  lesser  note, 
have  acknowledged  the  justice  of  her  claim,  and  this  testimony 
is  all  garnered  up  in  voluminous  reports  from  the  Military  Com 
mittee  of  various  Congresses,  and  rests  on  the  shelves  of  the 
libraries  of  the  Senate  and  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in 
Washington,  free  for  the  examination  of  any  one. 

But  to-day  Ulysses  S.  Grant  traverses  the  world,  the  guest  of 
many  a  nation  because  of  the  victories  he  gained  under  this 
woman's  direction,  while  Anna  Ella  Carroll,  whose  wisdom  saw 
our  country's  needs  at  the  hour  of  its  extremest  peril,  whose 
genius  planned  and  laid  out  the  campaign  which  first  brought 
us  hope  and  victory,  receives  no  recognition  from  those  whom  her 
wisdom  saved  ;  and  her  country,  though  dealing  out.  with  liberal 
hand  pensions  and  back  pensions  to  men  incapable  of  planning 
and  whose  only  virtue  was  that  of  fighting  in  the  ranks,  still 
denies  to  her  the  pension  she  asks. 

To  fight  lies  in  the  power  of  most  men,  but  it  is  only  the  great 
military  geniuses  of  the  world  who  can  successfully  plan.  Alex 
ander  and  Hannibal  and  Caesar  and  Napoleon  had  good  fighters 
under  them,  but  these  fighters  were  merely  the  parts  of  a  machine, 
to  do  as  they  were  bidden,  and  to  conduce  to  results  whose  ways 
and  means  were  beyond  their  powers. 

It  is  not  to  the  man  who  fights  that  the  results  are  mainly  due, 
but  to  the  one  who  plans.  It  is  acknowledged  by  military  men 
that  to  plan  a  successful  campaign  requires  the  highest  order  of 
military  genius  and  power,  far  higher  than  that  of  the  general 
who  commands  the  army  which  follows  out  this  plan. 

Judging  by  all  the  standards  of  military  men  throughout  the 
world,  in  times  past  and  to-day,  there  is  not  now  existing  in  this 
country  or  in  the  world,  a  person  possessed  of  the  transcendant 
military  genius  of  Anna  Ella  Carroll,  of  Maryland;  and  yet  Grant, 
who  merely  followed  her  directions,  is  feted  and  honored,  spoken 
of  for  a  third  term  of  the  Presidency,  for  a  perpetual  General-in- 
chief-ship,  as  a  forthcoming  Dictator,  while  she,  in  unregarded 
solitude,  seeks  of  Congress  each  year  the  simple  recognition  of  a 


moderate  pension  for  her  services.  And  this  is  man's  justice  to 
woman. 

Hon.  L.  D.  Evans,  at  that  time  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Texas,  some  eight  years  ago,  prepared  a  pamphlet, 
entitled,  "  The  Material  Bearing  oft  he  Tennessee  Campaign  in 
1862,  upon  the  Destinies  of  Our  Civil  War." 

In  a  short  preface,  Judge  Evans  declared  himself  to  be  in  full 
possession  of  the  question ;  that  he  had  thoroughly  investigated 
all  data,  official  and  otherwise,  connected  with  Miss  Carroll's 
claim  ;  that  the  facts  and  argument  could  by  no  possibility  be 
successfully  controverted. 

AUTHOR  OF  THE  PLAN. 

In  this  pamphlet  Judge  Evans  said,  "All  writers  upon  our  civil 
war  concede  that  the  movement  which  transferred  the  National 
armies  from  Cairo  and  the  northern  part  of  Kentucky  to  their  new 
base  in  northern  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  on  the  Memphis 
and  Charleston  railroad,  was  the  decisive  campaign  of  the  war. 

It  made  the  destruction  of  the  "  Southern  Confederacy  "  in 
evitable.  It  sapped  it  to  its  foundation,  and  thenceforth,  it 
decayed,  grew  ripe  for  destruction  and  smouldered  to  its  fall. 

But,  while  there  has  been  universal  assent  as  to  the  vital  im 
portance  of  the  Tennessee  campaign,  it  was  not  until  the  report 
of  the  Military  Committee  of  the  United  States  Senate,  nine 
years  after,  that  it  became  known  to  whom  the  merit  of  the  plan 
belonged.  This  report  establishes  the  fact,  that  on  the  3oth  of 
November,  1861,  Miss  Carroll,  of  Maryland,  presented  to  the 
War  Department  at  Washington,  an  elaborate  plan  for  this  cam 
paign,  which  was  adopted  by  the  administration,  and  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  future  critical  researches,  by  bringing  more 
clearly  to  light  the  dangers  which  then  hazarded  the  Union, 
will  not  only  confirm  this  judgment,  but  will  lift  it  to  a  place 
which  belongs  only  to  the  most  extraordinary  strategic  movements 
in  ancient  or  modern  warfare,  and  invest  the  author  with  an 
historic  interest  not  heretofore  conceived. 

MILITARY   SITUATION. 

It  is  impossible  to  comprehend  the  tremendous  importance  of 
this  plan  without  a  knowledge  of  the  military  situation. 


5 

In  the  autumn  of  '61,  the  Confederate  States  had  acquired  an 
organization  and  consistency,  strong  enough  to  put  in  the  field  and 
maintain  a  military  power  too  formidable  to  be  overthrown  by 
any  power  the  National  Government  could  bring  against  it,  on 
any  of  the  lines  of  operation  known  to  the  administration. 

If  this  rebel  power  could  gain  time  to  prepare  for  replenishing 
its  warlike  material  by  the  creation  of  machine  power,  it  was 
numerous  enough  and  rich  enough  in  intellectual  and  material 
resources  to  resist  indefinitely,  if  not  able  to  destroy  the  Union 
altogether.  No  blockade  could  so  control  its  supplies  of  warlike 
material  but  what  was  ra'pidly  being  supplemented  by  the  energies 
of  the  people. 

Could  the  National  armies,  however,  penetrate  the  central 
region  so  as  to  break  up  its  internal  lines  of  connection  and, 
at  the  same  time,  disorganize  its  industrial  system,  the  Con 
federacy  would  be  geographically  cut  in  two,  and  its  ability  to 
create  resources  for  large  armies  forever  destroyed." 

Judge  Evans  shows  that  no  military  plan  known  to  the  Govern 
ment  could  have  saved  the  Union,  as  geographically  considered, 
there  was  but  one  line  which  the  National  armies  could  take  and 
maintain  and  that  "  was  unthought  of  and  unknown  "  until  its  plan 
was  suggested  by  Miss  Carroll.  He  further  shows  that  at  the 
time  Miss  Carroll  proposed  to  the  Government  to  abandon  the 
Mississippi  expedition,  the  war  had  been  waged  over  six  months, 
but  with  the  exception  of  West  Virginia  the  battle  had  been 
steadly  against  the  Union,  that  the  grand  army  of  the  Potomac 
was  a  mistake,  the  capture  of  Richmond  possessing  no  material 
influence ;  as  in  order  for  the  National  Government  to  maintain 
itself  against  the  rebellion  it  was  necessary  for  it  to  reach  its 
center  and  deliver  a  blow  'upon  its  resources,  the  only  avenue 
to  reach  this  point  being  the  Tennessee  river.  By  taking  that 
river,  the  Confederacy  was  cut  in  two  from  east  to  west,  and  a 
base  secured  in  Mississippi  and  Alabama.  "  That  river  was 
navigable  for  gunboats  to  the  foot  of  the  muscle  shoals  in  Ala 
bama,  within  hearing  of  the  locomotives  of  the  Memphis  and 
Charleston  railroad,  the  only  complete  bond  of  communication 
between  the  rebel  armies  of  the  east,  and  the  rebel  armies  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley." 

"Miss  Carroll,"  says  Judge  Evans,  "had  the  genius  to  grasp  the 


6 

situation  and  perceive  that  the  fall  of  Richmond  could  not  de 
stroy  the  rebellion,  and  the  Mississippi  could  not  be  opened  on 
its  waters  ;  that  the  Government  must  seize  a  strategic  position 
within  the  cotton  States,  and  if  a  fatal  blow  could  be  inflicted,  it 
must  fall  there." 

On  the  i2th  of  November,  1861,  while  still  in  St.  Louis,  Miss 
Carroll  wrote  to  the  Hon.  Edward  Bates  at  Washington,  that  from 
information  gained  by  her,  she  believed  the  expedition  would  fail. 
She  urged  him  to  try  and  have  this  expedition  directed  instead, 
up  the  Tennessee  river,  as  the  true  line  of  attack.  Mr.  Bates 
having  been  the  member  of  the  Cabinet  who  first  suggested  the 
gunboat  expedition  down  the  Mississippi,  Miss  Carroll's  first 
suggestion  to  the  Government  of  a  change,  was  made  through 
him.  But  she  also  dispatched  a  similar  letter  to  Col.  Thomas 
A.  Scott,  at  that  time  Assistant  Secretary  of  War. 

On  the  3oth  of  November,  (1861,)  Miss  Carroll  laid  her  plan 
before,  the  War  Department  and  soon  had  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  it  adopted. 

MISS    CARROLL'S    PLAN. 

The  civil  and  military  authorities  seem  to  me  to  be  laboring 
under  a  great  mistake  in  regard  to  the  true  key  of  the  war  in  the 
Southwest.  It  is  not  the  Mississippi,  but  the  Tennessee  River. 
Now  all  the  military  preparations  made  in  the  west  indicate  that 
.the  Mississippi  River  is  the  point  to  which  the  authorities  are  di 
recting  their  attention.  On  that  river  many  battles  must  be  fought 
and  heavy  risks  incurred,  before  any  impression  can  be  made  on 
the  enemy,  all  of  which  could  be  avoided  by  using  the  Tennessee 
River.  This  river  is  navigable  for  medium-class  boats  to  the  foot 
of  Muscle  Shoals  in  Alabama,  and  is  opened  to  navigation  all  the 
year,  while  the  distance  is  but  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  by  the 
river  from  Paducah,  on  the  Ohio.  The  Tennessee  offers  many  ad 
vantages  over  the  Mississippi.  We  should  avoid  the  almost  im 
pregnable  batteries  of  the  enemy,  which  cannot  be  taken  without 
great  danger  and  great  risk  of  life  to  our  forces,  from  the  fact  that 
our  forces,  if  crippled,  would  fall  a  prey  to  the  enemy  by  being 
swept  by  the  current  to  him,  and  away  from  the  relief  of  our 
friends.  But  even  should  we  succeed,  still  we  have  only  begun 
the  war,  for  we  shall  then  have  to  fight  the  country  from  whence 
the  enemy  derives  his  supplies. 

Now,  an  advance  up  the  Tennessee  River  would  avoid  this 
danger;  for,  if  our  boats  were  crippled,  they  would  drop  back 
with  the  current  and  escape  capture. 

But  a  still  greater  advantage  would   be  its  tendency  to  cut  the 


enemy's  lines  in  two,  by  reaching  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  rail 
road,  threatening  Memphis,  which  lies  one  hundred  miles  due 
west,  and  no  defensible  point  between  ;  also  Nashville,  only  ninety 
miles  northeast,  and  Florence  and  Tuscumbia  in  North  Alabama, 
forty  miles  east.  A  movement  in  this  direction  would  do  more 
to  relieve  our  friends  in  Kentucky,  and  inspire  the  loyal  hearts  in 
East  Tennessee,  than  the  possession  of  the  whole  of  the  Missis 
sippi  River.  If  well  executed,  it  would  cause  the  evacuation  of 
all  those  formidable  fortifications  on  which  the  rebels  ground  their 
hopes  for  success ;  and  in  the  event  bf  our  fleet  attacking  Mobile, 
the  presence  of  our  troops  in  the  northern  part  of  Alabama, 
would  be  material  aid  to  the  fleet. 

Again,  the  aid  our  forces  would  receive  from  the  loyal  men  in 
Tennessee  would  enable  them  soon  to  crush  the  last  traitor  in  that 
region,  and  the  separation  of  the  two  extremes  would  do  more  than 
one  hundred  battles  for  the  Union  cause. 

The  Tennessee  river  is  crossed  by  the  Memphis  and  Louisville 
railroad,  and  the  Memphis  and  Nashville  railroad.  At  Hamburg 
the  river  makes  the  big  bend  on  the  east,  touching  the  northeast 
corner  of  Mississippi,  entering  the  northwest  corner  of  Alabama, 
forming  an  arc  to  the  south,  entering  the  State  of  Tennessee  at 
the  northeast  corner  of  Alabama,  and  if  it  does  not  touch  the 
northwest  corner  of  Georgia,  comes  very  near  it.  It  is  but  eight 
miles  from  Hamburg  to  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad, 
which  goes  through  Tuscumbia,  only  two  miles  from  the  river, 
which  it  crosses  at  Decatur,  thirty  miles  above,  intersecting  with 
the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  road  at  Stephenson.  The  Ten 
nessee  never  has  less  than  three  feet  to  Hamburg,  on  the  "  shoal- 
est  "  bar,  and  during  the  fall,  winter  and  spring  months,  there  is 
always  water  for  the  largest  boats  that  are  used  on  the  Mississippi 
river.  It  follows  from  the  above  facts,  that  in  making  the  Missis 
sippi  the  key  to  the  war  in  the  West,  or  rather  in  overlooking  the 
Tennessee  river,  the  subject  is  not  understood  by  the  superiors  in 
command. 

Being  a  civilian  and  above  all,  a  woman,  and  knowing  the  preju 
dice  existing  against  advice  from  such  quarters,  Miss  Carroll, 
with  self-sacrificing,  patriotic  spirit,  refrained  from  signing  her 
name  to  this  plan  when  she  sent  it  in  to  the  War  Department, 
though  her  letters  of  the  same  tenor,  previously  written  to  Hon. 
Mr.  Bates  and  Col.  Scott,  bore  her  signature. 

The  events  of  the  Tennessee  campaign  proved  exactly  in  ac 
cordance  with  Miss  Carroll's  predictions.  The  enemy's  lines  were 
cut  in  two,  formidable  fortifications  were  evacuated,  and  more 
was  done  for  the  Union  "than  one  hundred  battles"  would  have 
brought  about. 

Judge  Evans,  having  critically  examined  all  the  plans  of  gener- 


als,  and  every  official  document  published  by  the  War  Department, 
bearing  upon  this  point,  and  also  every  history  written  upon  the 
war,  finds  that  until  Miss  Carroll  submitted  her  plan  to  the  gov 
ernment,  the  idea  of  the  Tennessee  River  as  the  true  line  of 
invasion  had  not  occurred  to  any  military  mind. 

Col.  Scott  possessing  a  knowledge  of  the  railroad  facilities  and 
connections  of  the  South,  unequaled  perhaps  by  any  other  man 
in  the  country  at  that  time,  at  once  saw  the  vital  importance  and 
power  of  Miss  Carroll's  plan.  He  declared  it  to  be  the  first  clear 
solution  of  the  difficult  problem,  and  he  was  soon  sent  west  by 
the  War  Department  to  assist  in  carrying  it  out  in  detail. 

His  opinion  of  it  is  very  clearly  expressed  in  the  following  letter 
which  he  addressed  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Military  Com 
mittee,  Hon.  Jacob  M.  Howard,  when  after  the  close  of  the  war, 
Miss  Carroll  memorialized  the  Government,  to  which  she  had 
been  of  such  eminent  service,  for  a  pension. 

COL.  THOMAS   A.  SCOTT'S  LETTER  TO  THE   SENATE 
MILITARY  COMMITTEE. 

Hon.  Jacob  M.  Howard,  United  States  Senate : — 

"On  or  about  the  3oth  of  November,  1861,  Miss  Carroll,  as 
stated  in  her  memorial,  called  on  me  as  Assistant  Secretary  of 
War,  and  suggested  the  propriety  of  abandoning  the  expedition 
which  was  then  preparing  to  descend  the  Mississippi  river,  and  to 
adopt  instead,  the  Tennessee  river,  and  handed  to  me  the  plan  of 
the  campaign  as  appended  to  her  memorial,  which  plan  I  sub 
mitted  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  its  general  ideas  were 
adopted.  On  my  return  from  the  south-west  in  1862,  I  informed 
Miss  Carroll,  as  she  states  in  her  memorial,  that  through  the 
adoption  of  this  plan,  the  country  had  been  saved  millions,  and 
that  it  entitled  her  to  the  kind  consideration  of  Congress. 

THOS  A.  SCOTT." 

The  capture  of  Fort  Henry  was  the  first  result  of  Miss  Carroll's 
plan.  With  its  fall,  the  enemy's  center  was  pierced,  the  decisive 
point  gained. 

Previous  to  this  rebellion  but  fifteen  decisive  battles  in  the 
world's  history  had  taken  place, — battles  upon  which  the  fate  of 
nations  depended  and  which  had  changed  the  course  of  the 
world's  history.  The  capture  of  Fort  Henry,  the  first  fruit  of 
Anna  Ella  Carroll's  strategic  brain  was  the  sixteenth  and  most 


9 

memorable  of  such  battles.  It  was  not  the  fate  of  our  nation 
alone  which  was  at  stake,  but  liberty  itself;  the  future  of  all 
mankind  depended  upon  the  results  of  our  civil  war. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Tennessee  Campaign  it  required 
$2,000,000  each  day  to  support  the  army  in  the  field,  and  Hon. 
Mr.  Dawes,  in  a  speech  in  the  House  while  showing  the  vast  ex 
pense  to  which  the  country  was  put,  declared  it  was  impossible  for 
the  United  States  to  meet  this  state  of  things  sixty  days  longer, 
that  an  ignominious  peace  was  upon  the  country  and  at  its  very 
doors. 

Sixty  days  more  of  such  warfare  would  not  only  have  brought 
financial  ruin  but  would  also  have  induced  foreign  intervention. 
England  and  France  were  watching  our  struggle  in  hopes  of  our 
destruction,  and  a  foreign  war  was  imminent.  Such  was  the 
condition  of  things  at  the  time  Miss  Carroll's  plan  was  adopted. 
The  fall  of  Fort  Henry  opened  the  navigation  of  the  Tennessee 
river.  Its  capture  was  soon  followed  by  the  evacuation  of 
Columbus  and  Bowling  Green.  Fort  Donelson  was  given  up  and 
its  rebel  garrison  of  14,000  troops  marched  out  as  prisoners  of 
war.  Hope  sprang  up  in  the  hearts  of  the  people,  and  General 
Grant's  name  was  heard  for  the  first  time.  Pittsburgh  Landing 
and  Corinth  soon  followed  the  fate  of  the  preceeding  forts. 
President  Lincoln  declared  the  victory  at  Fort  Henry  to  be  of 
the  utmost  importance.  North  and  South  its  influence  was 
alike  felt.  Gen.  Beauregard  was  himself  conscious  that  this 
campaign  sealed  the  fate  of  the  "Southern  Confederacy." 

The  author  of  the  plan  of  the  Tennessee  Campaign  being  then 
unknown,  it  was  attributed  to  many  different  persons.  A  debate 
as  to  its  origin  took  place  in  the  House  of  Representatives  Feb. 
24,  1862,  and  in  the  Senate  March  i3th,  the  same  year.  By  some 
it  was  ascribed  to  Lincoln  himself ;  by  others  to  the  Secretary  of 
War.  Dr.  Draper  in  his  "History  of  the  Civil  War,"  ascribes  it 
to  Gen.  Halleck.  Boynton  in  the  "  History  of  the  Navy,"  gives 
Commodore  Foote  credit  of  the  plan.  Lossing's  "Civil  War/' 
credits  it  to  the  combined  wisdom  of  Grant,  Halleck  and  Foote. 
Badeon's  "History  of  the  Civil  War,"  credits  Gen.  C.  F.  Smith. 
Abbott's  "  Civil  War,"  credits  Gen.  Fremont. 

The  success  of  the  Tennessee  campaign  rendered  foreign 
intervention  impossible  and  taught  their  mistake  to  those  enemies 


10 

who  were  anxiously  watching  for  our  country's  downfall.  Missouri 
was  kept  in  the  Union  by  its  means,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  were 
restored,  the  National  armies  were  enabled  to  push  to  the  gulf 
States  and  secure  possession  of  all  the  great  rivers  and  routes  of 
internal  communication  through  the  heart  of  the  Confederate 
territory. 

As  the  result  of  this  campaign,  President  Lincoln  on  the  loth 
of  April,  1862,  issued  the  following  proclamation  : 

"  It  has  pleased  Almighty  God  to  vouchsafe  signal  victories  to 
the  land  and  naval  forces  engaged  in  suppressing  an  internal 
rebellion ;  and  at  the  same  time  to  avert  from  our  country  the 
damages  of  foreign  intervention  and  invasion." 

Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Wade,  who  during  the  war  was  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  the  conduct  of  the  War,  and  during  the  last  pe 
riod  of  his  services,  after  the  assassination  of  President  Lincoln  had 
eleva°ted  Andrew  Johnson  to  the  Presidency,  was  acting  Vice-Pres 
ident  and  President  of  the  Senate,  was  a  friend  of  Miss  Carroll. 
He  addressed  the  following  letter  to  her  in  1869,  just  before  the 
close  of  his  last  Congressional  session  : 

WASHINGTON,  March  i,  1869. 

Miss  CARROLL  : — I  cannot  take  leave  of  my  public  life  without 
expressing  my  deep  sense  of  your  services  to  the  country  during 
the  whole  period  of  our  National  troubles.  Although  a  citizen  of 
a  State  almost  unanimously  disloyal  and  deeply  sympathizing  with 
secession,  especially  the  wealthy  and  aristocratic  class  of  her 
people,  to  which  you  belonged,  yet,  in  the  midst  of  such  sur 
roundings,  you  emancipated  your  own  slaves  at  a  great  sacrifice  of 
personal  interest,  and  with  your  powerful  pen  defended  the  cause 
of  the  Union  and  loyalty  as  ably  and  effectively  as  it  has  ever 
yet  been  defended. 

From  my  position  on  the  Committee  on  the  conduct  of  the 
War  I  know  that  some  of  the  most  successful  expeditions  of  the 
war  were  suggested  by  you,  among  which  I  might  instance  the 
expedition  up  the  Tennessee  river. 

The  powerful  support  you  gave  Governor  Hicks  during  the 
darkest  hour  of  your  State's  history,  prompted  him  to  take  and 
maintain  the  stand  he  did,  and  thereby  saved  your  State  from 
secession  and  consequent  ruin. 

All  those  things,  as  well  as  your  unremitted  labors  in  the  cause 
of  reconstruction,  I  doubt  not,  are  well  known  and  remembered 
by  the  members  of  Congress  at  that  period. 

I  also  well  know  in  what  high  estimation  your  services  were 
held  by  President  Lincoln ;  and  I  cannot  leave  this  subject  with- 


11 

out  sincerely  hoping  that  the  Government  may  yet  confer  on 
you  some  token  of  acknowledgment  for  all  these  services  and 
sacrifices. 

Very  sincerely,  your  friend, 

B.  F.  WADE. 

Hon.  Cassius  M.  Clay,  who  was  U.  S.  Minister  to  St.  Peters 
burg  during  the  crisis  of  our  civil  war,  after  returning  home  and 
becoming  informed  of  Miss  Carroll's  extraordinary  work,  wrote 
her  at  different  times  in  relation  to  that  work.  In  a  letter  written 
Jan  24,  1873,  from  White  Hall,  Madison  Co.,  Ky.,  he  said  :  "  I 
trust  that  whilst  land,  and  rank,  and  pensions  are  allowed  Union 
men,  that  the  Union  women  who  risked  life  and  health,  as  well  in 
the  sanitary  and  in  other  departments,  should  share  those  similar 
rewards. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  your  case  stands  out   unique — for  you  tow 
ered  above  all  our  generals   in   military   genius,  and  it  would   be  ' 
a   shame    upon   our  country  if  you  were   not  honored  with   the 
gratitude  of  all,  and  solid  pecuniary  reward. 

C.  M.  CLAY." 

Hon.  Orestes  H.  Browning  of  Illinois,  Senator  during  the  war, 
and  in  confidential  relations  with  President  Lincoln  and  Secretary 
Stanton,  wrote  Miss  Carroll  in  1873,  from  Quincy,  111.,  saying: 

"During  the  progress  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  from  1861  to 
1865,  I  had  frequent  conversations  with  President  Lincoln  and 
Secretary  Stanton  in  regard  to  the  active  and  efficient  part  you 
had  taken  in  behalf  of  the  country,  in  all  of  which  they  ex 
pressed  their  admiration  and  gratitude  for  the  patriotic  and 
valuable  services  you  had  rendered  the  cause  of  the  Union,  and 
the  hope  that  you  would  be  adequately  compensated  by  Congress." 

On  the  28th  of  February,  1872,  three  years  after  his  leaving 
public  life,  Judge  Wade  addressed  .the  following  letter : 

To  the  Chairman  of  the  Military  Committee  of  the  United  States 
Senate : — 

DEAR  SIR. — I  have  been  requested  to  make  a  brief  statement 
of  what  I  can  recollect  concerning  the  claim  of  Miss  Carroll,  now 
before  Congress.  From  my  position  as  Chairman  of  the  Com 
mittee  on  the  conduct  of  the  War,  it  came  to  my  knowledge  that 
the  expedition  that  was  preparing,  under  the  special  direction  of 
President  Lincoln,  to  descend  the  Mississippi  river,  was  aban 
doned,  and  the  Tennessee  expedition  was  adopted  by  the  Gov 
ernment  in  pursuance  of  information  and  a  plan  presented  to  the 
Secretary  of  War,  I  think  in  the  latter  part  of  November,  1861, 
by  Miss  Carroll.  A  copy  of  this  plan  was  put  in  my  hands  im 
mediately  after  the  fall  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson.  With  the 


12 

knowledge  of  its  author  I  interrogated  witnesses  before  the 
committee  to  ascertain  how  far  military  men  were  cognizant  of 
the  fact.  Subsequently  President  Lincoln  informed  me  that  the 
merit  of  this  plan  was  due  to  Miss  Carroll ;  that  the  transfer  of 
the  armies  from  Cairo  and  the  northern  part  of  Kentucky  to  the 
Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad  was  her  conception  and  was 
afterwards  carried  out  generally,  and  very  much  in  detail,  ac 
cording  to  her  suggestions.  Secretary  Stanton  also  conversed 
with  me  on  the  matter,  and  fully  recognized  Miss  Carroll's 
service  to  the  Union  in  the  organization  of  this  campaign.  In 
deed,  both  Mr.  Lincoln  and  Mr.  Stanton,  the  latter  only  a  few 
weeks  before  his  death,  expressed  to  me  their  high  appreciation 
of  this  service,  and  all  the  other  services  she  was  enabled  to 
render  the  country  by  her  influence  and  ability  as  a  writer,  and 
they  both  expressed  the  wish  that  the  Government  would  reward 
her  liberally  for  the  same,  in  which  wish  I  most  fully  concur. 

B.  F.  WADE. 


[Extracts  from  letters  written  by  B.F.Wade  to  Miss  Carroll  at  different  periods.] 

JEFFERSON,  OHIO,  August  14,  1876. 

"I  rejoice  that  you  are  to  have  the  testimony  in  your  case 
published  by  Congress,  as  I  cannot  but  believf  that  Congress, 
when  they  have  the  facts  properly  before  them  will  be  shamed 
into  doing  you  justice,  though  late. 

"  I  fully  appreciate  and  deeply  regret  the  injustice  done  you 
as  though  the  case  were  my  own.  The  country  almost  in  her 
last  extremity  was  saved  by  your  sagacity  and  unremitted  labor ; 
indeed  your  services  were  so  great  that  it  is  hard  to  make  the 
world  believe  it.  Many  have  been  most  generously  rewarded  for 
services  having  no  more  proportion  to  yours  than  a  mole  hill  to 
a  mountain — and  that  all  this  great  work  should  be  brought  about 
by  a  woman  is  inconceivable  to  vulgar  minds,  but  I  hope  and 
believe  that  justice  will  triumph  at  last. 

B.  F.  WADE." 

JEFFERSON,  OHIO,  Sept.  9,  1874. 

"  This  Congress  may  be  mean  enough  to  refuse  to  remunerate 
you  for  your  services,  but  thank  Heaven  they  cannot  deprive  you 
of  the  honor  and  consciousness  of  having  done  greater  and  more 
efficient  services  for  the  country  in  the  time  of  her  greatest  peril 
than  any  other  person  in  the  Republic,  and  a  knowledge  of  this 
cannot  long  be  suppressed,  though  I  do  not  underrate  the  mighty 
powers  that  may  be  arrayed  against  you. 

B.  F.  WADE." 


13 

• 

JEFFERSON,  O.,  October  3,  1876. 

"  The  truth  is,  your  services  were  so  great  that  they  cannot  be 
comprehended  by  the  ordinary  capacity  of  our  public  men,  and 
then  again  your  services  were  of  such  a  character  that  they 
threw  a  shadow  over  the  reputation  of  some  of  our  would  be 
great  men.  No  doubt  great  pains  has  been  taken  in  the  business 
of  trying  to  defeat  you  :  but  it  has  been  an  article  of  faith  with 
me  that  truth  and  justice  must  ultimately  triumph. 

Ever  yours  truly, 

B.  F.  WADE." 


[Letter  from  Reverdy  Johnson.] 

WESTMINSTER  PALACE  HOTEL,  LONDON,  Nov.  29,  1875. 
My  Dear  Miss  Carroll : — I  remember  very  well  that  you  were 
the  first  to  advise  the  campaign  on  the  Tennessee  River  in  Novem 
ber,  1861,  this  I  have  never  heard  doubted,  and  the  great  events 
which  followed  it  demonstrated  the  value  of  your  suggestions. 
That  you  will  be  recognized  by  our  Government  sooner  or  later 
I  cannot  doubt.  Sincerely  your  friend, 

REVERDY  JOHNSON. 


[Extract  from  Robert  J.  Walker's  letter  on  Miss  Carroll's  "War  Power  Paper."] 

WASHINGTON,  May  22,  1862. 

I  regret  I  am  without  influence  to  serve  you  in  the  War 
Department,  but  Mr.  Lincoln  with  whom  I  have  conversed,  has 
I  know  the  highest  appreciation  of  your  services  in  this  connec 
tion." 

[Extract  of  a  letter  from  Gerritt  Smith.] 

"  Our  country  will  be  deeply  dishonored  if  you,  its  wise  and 
faithful  and  grandly  useful  servant,  shall  be  left  unpaid." 

With  great  regard,  your  friend, 
Peterboro,  N.  Y.,  May,  1874.  GERRITT  SMITH. 


[Extract  of  a  letter  from  Salmon  P.  Chase,  1861.] 

"  You  have  my  grateful  thanks  for  the  great  and  patriotic 
services  you  have  rendered  and  are  still  rendering  the  country 
in  this  crisis." 

I  have  the  honor  to  be  your  friend  and  servant, 

S.  P.  CHASE. 

Prior  to  the  preparation  of  this  tract  I  addressed  a  letter  to 
Col.  Scott,  saying  that  any  information  he  could  give  me  in  re- 


u 

lation  to  Miss  Carroll's  claims  would  be  most  gladly  received. 
I  sent  this  letter  to  Miss  Thompson  of  Philadelphia,  that  she 
might  hand  it  herself  to  Col.  Scott,  who  is  a  personal  friend  of 
her  own.  Miss  Thompson  unfortunately  lost  my  letter,  but  herself 
wrote  Col.  Scott  and  obtained  the  following  reply : 

No.  233  South  Fourth  St.,       ) 
PHILADELPHIA,  March  29,  1880.  (" 

My  Dear  Miss  Thompson: — I  have  your  letter  of  March  25th 
in  regard  to  Miss  Carroll's  matter,  and  beg  to  say  in  reply  that  I 
do  not  know  whether  the  old  papers  are  on  file  in  the  War  De 
partment  or  not,  I  presume  the  only  way  to  ascertain  would  be  to 
apply  to  the  Department  direct. 

I  have  done  all  that  I  feel  I  can  do  in  this  matter,  having  given 
my  evidence  before  the  Committee  in  the  most  concise  and  direct 
form  possible. 

I  hope  that  Congress  will  do  something  for  Miss  Carroll,  but 
with  their  present  economical  habits,  I  doubt  very  much  whether 
they  will. 

Hoping  that  the  committee  in  charge  of  the  matter  may  have 
success.  I  am,  very  truly  yours 

THOMAS  SCOTT. 

Miss  M.  A.  THOMPSON,  114  N.  nth  St. 


SKETCH  OF  MISS  CARROLL. 

Anna  Ella  Carroll  is  the  daughter  of  Thomas  King  Carroll,  for 
merly  Governor  of  Maryland,  and  one  of  the  best  men  that  State 
ever  produced.  By  descent  and  blood  she  belongs  to  one  of  the 
oldest  families  in  the  State,  her  ancestors  having  founded  the  city 
of  Baltimore.  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrolton,  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  was  of  the  same  family. 

When  the  war  of  the  rebellion  broke  out,  Maryland  was  claim 
ed  by  the  South,  and  for  a  long  time  seemed  wavering  in  the 
balance.  But  although  Miss  Carroll  was  the  resident  of  a  slave 
State,  a  member  of  that  class  which  generally  proved  disloyal, 
and  although  she  herself  was  a  slave  owner,  she  resolutely  op 
posed  all  suggestions  of  dismemberment,,  not  only  freeing  her 
slaves  without  compulsion,  but  exerting  her  powerful  influence 
against  secession.  Governor  Hicks,  of  whose  family  she  was  an 
intimate  friend,  listened  to  her  advice,  enforced  by  both  word 


15 

and   pen,    and   despite    the   syren    wooing   of  the    South,  in  its 

plaint  of 

.    "  Maryland,  my  Maryland," 

the  influence  of  Miss  Carroll  preserved  that  State  to   the  Union. 

Her  services  to  the  Government  did  not  begin  nor  end  with 
the  plan  of  the  Tennessee  campaign.  A  powerful  writer  she 
early  in  the  war  prepared  several  strong  papers,  making  many 
points  clear  upon  which  the  nation  was  in  doubt.  In  the  sum 
mer  of  1 86 1,  she  published  a  reply  to  the  speech  of  Senator 
Breckenridge  delivered  during  the  July  session  of  Congress. 
A  large  edition  was  circulated  by  the  War  Department  as  a  war 
measure.  The  Government  then  desired  her  to  write  other 
pamphlets  in  aid  of  the  Union,  and  particularly  upon  the  power 
of  the  Government  in  the  conduct  of  the  war.  Under  this  re 
quest  she  wrote  a  pamphlet  entitled  the  "  War  Powers  of  the 
Government,"  which  was  accepted  and  its  publication  ordered  in 
December,  1861.  Her  third  pamphlet  was  entitled  "  The  Rela 
tions  of  the  Revolted  Citizens  to  the  National  Government,"  and 
was  written  to  meet  the  expressed  views  of  President  Lincoln,  to 
whom  it  was  directly  submitted  and  approved  by  him. 

Since  the  close  of  the  war,  Miss  Carroll  spends  her  summers 
at  her  homestead  in  Maryland,  but  each  winter  is  to  be  found  in 
Washington  where  she  is  still  engaged  in  the  prosecution  of  her 
claims  for  a  pension.  In  a  conversation  with  Mr.  Wade,  Vice- 
President  Wilson  speaking  of  Miss  Carroll's  great  services  once 
said,  "  that  the  American  people  would  cheerfully  pay  by  contri 
bution  boxes  at  cross-roads  and  Post-offices  of  the  country," 
provided  they  were  made  aware  of  the  fact. 

But  during  the  war,  all  officials  of  the  government  were  op 
posed  to  having  it  made  known  that  the  government  was  pro 
ceeding  according  to  the  advice  and  under  the  plan  of  a  civilian, 
and  that  civilian  a  woman.  Judge  Wade  at  one  time  said,  "  I 
have  sometimes  reproached  myself  that  I  had  not  made  known 
the  author  when  they  were  discussing  the  resolution  in  Congress 
to  find  out,  but  Mr.  Lincoln  and  Mr.  Stanton  were  opposed  to  its 
being  known  that  the  armies  were  moving  under  the  plan  of  a 
civilian,  directed  by  the  President  as  Commander-in-Chief.  Mr. . 
Lincoln  said  it  was  that  which  made  him  hesitate  to  inaugurate 
the  movement  against  the  opinion  of  the  military  commanders 
and  he  did  not  wish  to  risk  the  effect  it  might  have  upon  the 
armies  if  they  found  out  some  outside  party  had  originated  the 


16 

campaign;  that  he  wanted  the  country  and  the  armies  to  believe 
they  were  doing  the  whole  business  of  saving  the  country." 

Judge  Evans  conversed  with  Col.  Scott  upon  this  subject,  Scott 
urging  the  absolute  necessity  of  Miss  Carroll's  making  no  claim 
to  the  campaign  while  the  struggle  continued. 

In  the  plenitude  of  her  self-sacrificing  patriotism,  Miss  Carroll 
remained  obscurely  in  the  back-ground,  though  the  country  was 
indebted  to  her  for  its  salvation.  While  thousands  of  men 
have  in  the  past  years  received  thanks  and  rewards  from  the 
country  for  work  done  under  her  plan,  she  is  still  to-day,  fifteen 
years  after  the  close  of  the  war  left  to  struggle  for  recognition 
from  that  country,  which  is  indebted  to  her  for  its  very  life. 
Had  she  not  been  a  woman  would  she  have  met  this  injustice  ? 


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